Definition and History of Computer Networks

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 Definition and History of Computer Networks

1. Definition of Computer Networks

A computer network is a system of interconnected devices that communicate and share resources using wired or wireless connections. These networks enable data exchange, resource sharing (printers, storage), and communication (email, VoIP).

Key Components:

  • Nodes (Computers, servers, routers)
  • Communication links (Cables, Wi-Fi)
  • Networking protocols (TCP/IP, HTTP, FTP)

2. History of Computer Networks

Early Development (1950s – 1960s)

  • The concept of computer networking emerged in the 1950s when mainframe computers used batch processing for data sharing.
  • In 1961, Leonard Kleinrock introduced the idea of packet switching, the foundation of modern networking.
  • In 1969, ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network) was created by the U.S. Department of Defense, marking the first-ever computer network.

Expansion & Standardization (1970s – 1980s)

  • 1973: Ethernet was developed by Robert Metcalfe for local area networks (LANs).
  • 1974: TCP/IP protocol was introduced by Vinton Cerf & Robert Kahn, forming the basis of the modern internet.
  • 1983: ARPANET switched to TCP/IP, making it the standard protocol for networking.
  • 1989: Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web (WWW), revolutionizing global communication.

The Internet Boom (1990s – 2000s)

  • 1990s: The internet became commercialized, leading to websites, emails, and online services.
  • Wi-Fi (802.11 standard) was introduced, enabling wireless networking.
  • Fiber optics & broadband improved internet speeds.

Modern Networks (2010s – Present)

  • Cloud computing, IoT (Internet of Things), and 5G have transformed networking.
  • Cybersecurity & data privacy have become major concerns.
  • AI-powered networks are enhancing automation and security.

3. Summary Table

EraKey Developments
1950s-60s                ARPANET, Packet Switching
1970s-80s                Ethernet, TCP/IP, World Wide Web
1990s-2000s                Commercial Internet, Wi-Fi, Broadband
2010s-Present                Cloud Computing, 5G, AI Networks

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